Friday, December 27, 2019

Child Labor Essay example - 1876 Words

Child labor is considered as a form of child abuse, it being the exploitation of a child’s rights and freedoms. Therefore, child labour is when underage children are employed, this happens because a child labourer is paid less than an adult labourer. Consequently employers have more children working for them because they spend less paying the children. â€Å"Child labor usually means work that is done by children under the age of 15 (14 in some developing countries) that restricts or damages a childs physical, emotional, social and/or spiritual growth.†1 Child labour is not something that just recently evolved. As a matter of fact, child labour dates back to the 1780s and the 1840s, where child labour was predominant worldwide. In 1788, it†¦show more content†¦Although there are efforts to put an end to child labour in the world of today, they does not seem to be enough. This is because even though there is a decrease in the number of children that experience child labour, the change is not significant. The level of child labour continues to increase. Presumably, in the societies where child labour is the way of life, only few individuals master the courage to speak against it. Unfortunately, their voices are unheard. For instance, in India there are efforts to lessen the number of child labourers, but culture always gets in the way. This results in children working under very poor conditions that pose a danger to their health on short-term and long-term scale. However, in Canada the law states that: â€Å"Section 72 imposes a statutory duty on every person to report certain suspicions are based, to a children’s aid society.†2 â€Å"†¦ a professional has a legal obligation to immediately report suspected child abuse.†3 Usually, there is a reason behind everything that occurs in the world. For instance, the purpose of going to school is to educate ourselves so that we can have a bright future ahead of us. The main cause of child labour is poverty, which is heavily inclined by culture which varies with different societies. In India, culture is the way of life. Closely related to customs, culture this merely provides guidelines to the people within a society on how to conduct their daily lives. 2 Zuker, Marvin A., Randolph C.Show MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Child Labor1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthat â€Å"Globally there are 168 million child laborers, over half of which, 85 million, are in hazardous work conditions† (ILO). Child labor is not a new phenomenon by any means; it has been going on for years and has become a social issue. This paper aims to portray the nature of child labor in India. It looks at the definition of child labor, the prevalence, and factors that lead children to work. Definition Often time people assume that the meaning of child labor is clear-cut. However, there is littleRead MoreChild Labor1885 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Child labor† By Elie Bou Chaaya ENL 110 Section â€Å"D† Miss Zeina Fayyad 18, January, 2008 Outline: Thesis statement: Child labor nowadays is considered to be a social injustice due to its harmful effects on the personal and psychological life of the child where the kinds of work offered to the child increases the amount of these effects regarding the solutions. I. Harmful personal and physical effects of child labor A. Low pay B. Very long work hours C. Forbids childrenRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Childhood And Child Labor837 Words   |  4 PagesChildren in Need The dilemma of childhood and child labor are constantly being argued in overseas and domestic sociological literature. Anthropologists and Sociologists through the time have observed the history and the impact of social institutions on child labor. Professionals researching in the field of sociology of economics and labor by examining the incentive and value orientations of children and teenagers in the labor force, their principles and working conditions, and their outlook towardsRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Labor1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of child labor has drawn significant attention since early 1990s as many labor union and special interest groups advocate banning import of goods produced by the child labor in developing countries and the international consensus in the form of Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC) which is widely ratified in 1989 by countries (Boyden, Ling and Myers, 1998). However, concern regarding child labor is not new and can be dated back to industrial revolution, especially late eighteenthRead MoreChild Labor And The United States2768 Words   |  12 Pages When one hears the term â€Å"Child Labor†, an image of children making low quality clothing in some dingy third world sweatshop inevitably comes to mind. While this imagery is unfortunately founded in fact, the third world is not the only area complicit with this heinous practice. Truthfully, we, as a nation are also guilty of propagating this heinous practice. For over a century, this nation’s youth were subjugated to exploitation and abuse at the hands of captains of industry in the hopes of extractingRead MoreChild Labor Industrialization Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they should be protected. However, those people believed in a child s capacity to change the world in the future. While people in the past saw children as a way to change the world while they were children. In the late seventeenth century, industrialization arose in Englan d ushering in a new era of industry in our world. More industry means more workers, including children. With the rise of industrialization in a nation, child laborers are viciously abused due to their niche roles in productionRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Slavery And Child Labor On Chocolate Plantation1617 Words   |  7 PagesChild slavery and child labor on chocolate plantations is one of the world’s greatest concerns at the moment. Chocolate plantations are specifically mentioned because chocolate is such a large industry and many kids, particularly in tropical African countries, are affected by child labor. In Cà ´te d’Ivoire alone, around 15,000 children are slaves working on chocolate, or cacao, plantations. (american.edu) This problem is concerning because not only is it unethical, but child labor and, thereforeRead MoreChild Labor766 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Child Labor In AmericaTopic: The History Of Child LaborQuestion: In what ways was child l abor cruel to children?Thesis: Child labor in America has been very cruel and unfair to children as their jobs were not paid a decent amount of money, were working under terrible conditions, and they led to diseases. Starting in about the 1700s, hand labor was replaced by power driven machines to make jobs easier.1 The industrial revolution had begun, and families needed a job and money to be ableRead MoreChinas High Dependence On Child Labor1677 Words   |  7 PagesChild labor is a commonplace in China. Most of the children in China, families work income is dependent on their family’s survival. Child labor is a major issue throughout the global economy, especially in developing countries like China. Although, China has anti-child labor laws, many children in China are forced to work against their will. China is the home of many poor families and some of these families force their children to work because of their struggle with poverty and their lack of incomeRead MoreTakin g a Look at Child Labor1957 Words   |  8 PagesThe term ‘child labor is used for employment below a certain age, which is considered illegal by law and customs. Children are the greatest gift to humanity and Childhood is an important and impressionable stage of human development as it holds the potential to the future development of any society. A young child has yet to develop a substantial set of life experiences to allow for mature choices and decisions. Children depend on the support of adults to get them through life to ensure an adequate

Thursday, December 19, 2019

How Writing Is An Amalgamation Of Different Conventions...

Writing is an amalgamation of different conventions stuck together in an organized manner in order to convey a point. All papers that are written must have clear theses, a clear, consistent organization, proper tone and style, as well as supporting details and evidence. In addition to overarching ideas like these, papers must include small scale conventions such as conciseness in sentences and ideas, strong topic sentences that relate to the thesis, coherence and readability, and proper wording. These conventions are seen in my writing throughout the semester, however the effectiveness and the proper use of these could be called into question. Two specific examples of my essays, the personal narrative, and the argumentative essay, supporting details and evidence, consistent organization, topic sentences and theses, and the coherence, along with conciseness and clarity, are all major points. However, where the personal narrative excelled in the organization, support and evidence, vivid details, and style, it struggled with topic sentences and coherence, including some word choice issues. On top of this and in contrast, my argumentative essay failed in the aspects of clarity and organization, strong topic sentences and supported details with discussion, as well as redundancies and loss of the main point, while having a success of strong background information, a clear and arguable position and a large amount of arguable evidence. First looking at the argumentative essay, itShow MoreRelatedBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesMIC leaked from the UCC unit in Bhopal. Pioneer /New Delhi 13/04/06 Parents of Bhopal victims protest in capital Parents o f children suffering from physical disability as a result of carbide contamination, after the Bhopal gas tragedy, came together in the capital on Saturday demanding immediate steps from the government to guarantee better health for Bhopal’s children. More than 70 children with birth deformities have been identified from among the communities who have been exposed to carbide

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

EPISTEMOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY MAIN TRENDS AND ENDS. (Ýïèñòåìîëîãèÿ è Ìåòîäîëîãèÿ) free essay sample

Anton Matyukhin ICEF, GROUP 3, ENGLISH GROUP 1. ESSAY IN PHILOSOPHY EPISTEMOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY: MAIN TRENDS AND ENDS. # 1052 ; # 1077 ; # 1078 ; # 1076 ; # 1091 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ; # 1048 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1090 ; # 1069 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1060 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; , 1 # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1089 ; , # 1042 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1096 ; # 1072 ; # 1103 ; # 1096 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1101 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; . 30.03.1999. Table OF Contentss: 1.Epistemology. 2. History. 3. Epistemology as a subject 4. TWO EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 5. Deductions. 6.Methodology. 7. Some Mental Activities Common to All Methods. 8. Observation and Experiment. 9. Analysis and Synthesis. 10. Imagination, Supposition and Idealisation. 11. Inference. 12. Comparison and Analogy. 13. Categorization. 14. Inductive and deductive methods. 15.The Deductive-inductive Method. 16.RELATION OF EPISTEMOLOGY TO OTHER BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY 17.Bibliography. Epistemology. Epistemology is one of the chief subdivisions of doctrine ; its capable affair concerns the nature, beginning, range, and bounds of human cognition. The name is derived from the Grecian footings episteme( cognition ) and logos( theory ) , and consequently this subdivision of doctrine is besides referred to as the theory of cognition. It is the subdivision of doctrine that investigates the basic nature of cognition, including its beginnings and proof. Epistemology is concerned with the basic relationship between adult male # 8217 ; s head and world, and with the basic operations of human ground. It hence sets the criterions for the proof of all cognition ; it is the cardinal supreme authority of cognitive method. Epistemology as a term in doctrine Washingtonsprob # 173 ; competently foremost applied, by J. F. Ferrier, to that section of idea whose capable affair is the nature and cogency of cognition ( Gr. epistimum,cognition, and Sons,theory, account ; Ger. Erkenntnistheorie ) .It is therefore contrasted with metaphysics, which considers the nature of world, and with psychological science, which deals with the nonsubjective portion of knowledge, and, as Prof. James Ward said, is basically familial in its method. Epistemology is con # 173 ; cerned instead with the possibility of cognition in the abstract. In the development of thought epistemic enquiry succeeded the guesss of the early minds, who concerned themselves chiefly with efforts to explicate being. The differences of sentiment, which arose on this job of course, led to the enquiry as to whether any universally valid statement was possible. The Sophists and the Sceptics, Plato and Aristotle, the Stoics and the Epicureans took up t he inquiry and from the clip of Locke and Kant it has been prominent in modern doctrine. It is highly hard, if non impossible, to pull a difficult and fast line between epistemology and other subdivisions of doctrine. If, for illustration, doctrine is divided into the theory of cognizing and the theory of being, it is impossible wholly to divide the latter ( Ontology ) from the analysis of cognition ( Epistemology ) , so near is the connexion between the two. Again, the relation between logic in its widest sense and the theory of cognition is highly close. Some minds have identified the two, while others regard Epistemology as a subdivision of logic ; others de # 173 ; marcate their comparative domains by restricting logic to the scientific discipline of the Torahs of idea, i.e. ,to formal logic. An effort has been made by some philosophers to replace Gnosiology for Epistemology as a particular term for that portion of Epistemology which is confined to systematic analysis of t he constructs employed by ordinary and scientific idea in inter # 173 ; preting the universe, and including an probe of the art of cognition, or the nature of cognition as such. Epistemology would therefore be reserved for the wide inquiries of the beginning, nature and bounds of cognition . The term Gnosiology has non come into general usage. History. History. Epistemic issues have been discussed throughout the history of doctrine. Among the ancient Greeks, inquiries of cognition were raised by Plato and Aristotle, every bit good as by the Sophists and the Sceptics, and many of the main issues, places and statements were explored at this clip. In the systems of Plato and Aristotle, nevertheless, epistemic inquiries were mostly subordinated to metaphysical 1s, and epistemology did non emerge as a distinguishable country of enquiry. The pedants of the late medieval period were particularly concerned with two epistemic inquiries: the relationship between ground and religion, and the nature of constructs and universals. The major places on the latter issue # 8212 ; pragmatism, nominalism, and conceptualism # 8212 ; were defined during this period. The Reformation and the rise of modern scientific discipline raised inquiries about cognitive methodological analysis, and gave rise to a metempsychosis of doubting philosophies, tendencies that culminated in the Hagiographas of Rene Descartes ( 1596-1650 ) . During the modern period, from Descartes to Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804 ) , epistemic concerns were at the head of doctrine, as minds attempted to understand the deductions of the new scientific discipline. They besides attempted, unsuccessfully, to cover with doubting onslaughts on the cogency of sense perceptual experience, constructs, and initiation. In the 19th and twentieth centuries, epistemic issues continued to have attending from philosophers of assorted schools, including Idealism, Logical Positivism, and Linguistic Analysis. A acquaintance with the history of doctrine provides the best debut to epistemology. The undermentioned plants are of particular importance for epistemology: # 183 ; Plato, Theaetetus # 183 ; Aristotle, Posterior Analytics # 183 ; Rene Descartes, Meditations # 183 ; John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding # 183 ; David Hume, An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysicss Epistemology as a subject. Why should at that place be such a topic as epistemology? Aristotle provided the reply when he said that doctrine begins in admiration, in a sort of bewilderment about things. About all human existences wish to grok the universe they live in, a universe that includes the person every bit good as other individuals, and most people construct hypotheses of changing grades of edification to assist them do sense of that universe. No speculations would be necessary if the universe were simple ; but its characteristics and events defy easy account. The ordinary individual is likely to give up someplace in the procedure of seeking to develop a coherent history of things and to rest content with whatever grade of apprehension he has managed to accomplish. Philosophers, in contrast, are struck by, even obsessed by, affairs that are non instantly comprehendible. Philosophers are, of class, ordinary individuals in all respects except possibly one. They aim to build theories about the universe and its dwellers that are consistent, synoptic, true to the facts and that possess explanatory power. They therefore carry the procedure of enquiry further than people by and large tend to make, and this is what stating that they have developed a doctrine about these affairs agencies. Epistemologists, in peculiar, are philosophers whose theories deal with mystifiers about the nature, range, and bounds of human cognition. Like ordinary individuals, epistemologists normally start from the premise that they have plentifulness of cognition about the universe and its many-sided characteristics. Yet, as they reflect upon what is presumptively known, epistemologists begin to detect that normally accepted strong beliefs are less unafraid than originally assumed and that many of adult male s firmest beliefs are doubtful or perchance even chimeral. Anomalous characteristics of the universe that most people notice but tend to understate or disregard cause such uncertainties and vacillations. Epistemologists notice these things excessively, but, in inquiring about them, they come to gain that they provide profound challenges to the cognition claims that most persons happily and unreflectingly accept as true. What so are these perplexing issues? While there is a huge array of anomalousnesss and perplexities, two of these issues will be briefly described in order to exemplify why such troubles call into inquiry common claims to hold knowledge about the universe. TWO EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Our cognition of the external universe . Most people have noticed that vision can play fast ones on them. A consecutive stick put in H2O expressions bent to them, but they know it is non ; railway paths are seen to be meeting in the distance, yet one knows that they are non ; the wheels of waggons on a film screen appear to be traveling rearward, but one knows that they are non ; and the pages of English-language books reflected in mirrors can non be read from left to compensate, yet one knows that they were printed to be read that manner. Each of these phenomena is therefore misdirecting in some manner. If human existences were to accept the universe as being precisely as it looks, they would be mistaken about how things truly are. They would believe the stick in H2O truly to be dead set, the railroad paths truly to be convergent, and the authorship on pages truly to be reversed. These are ocular anomalousnesss, and they produce the kinds of epistemic edginesss referred to above. Though they may look to the ordinary indivi dual to be simple jobs, non deserving serious notice, for those who ponder them they pose hard inquiries. For case, human existences claim to cognize that the stick is non truly dead set and the paths non truly convergent. But how do they cognize that these things are so? Suppose one says that this is known because, when the stick is removed from the H2O, one can see that it is non dead set. But does seeing a consecutive stick out of H2O provide a good ground for thought that it is non dead set when seen in H2O? How does one know that, when the stick is put into the H2O, it does non flex? Suppose one says that the paths do non truly meet because the train base on ballss over them at that point. How does one know that the wheels on the train do non go on to meet at that point? What justifies opposing some beliefs to others, particularly when all of them are based upon what is seen? One sees that the stick in H2O is dead set and besides that the stick out of the H2O is non dead set. Why is the stick declared truly to be straight ; why in consequence is precedence given to one perceptual experience over another? One possible response to these questions is that vision is non sufficient to give cognition of how things are. One needs to rectify vision in some other manner in order to get at the opinion that the stick is truly consecutive and non dead set. Suppose a individual asserts that his ground for believing the stick in H2O is non dead set is that he can experience it with his custodies to be straight when it is in the H2O. Feeling or touching is a manner of sense perceptual experience, although different from vision. What, nevertheless, justifies accepting one manner of perceptual experience as more accurate than another? After all, there are good grounds for believing that the haptic sense gives rise to misperception in merely the manner that vision does. If a individual chills one manus and warms the other, for illustration, and inserts both into a bath of H2O holding a unvarying medium temperature, the same H2O will experience warm to the cold manus and cold to the warm manus. Therefo re, the haptic sense can non be trusted either and certainly can non by itself be counted on to decide these troubles. Another possible response is that no manner of perceptual experience is sufficient to vouch that one can detect how things are. Therefore, it might be affirmed that one needs to rectify all manners of perceptual experience by some other signifier of consciousness in order to get at the opinion, say, that the stick is truly consecutive. Possibly that other manner is the usage of ground. But why should ground be accepted as infallible? It besides suffers from assorted liabilities, such as forgetting, misestimating, or leaping to decisions. And why should one trust ground if its decisions run counter to those gained through perceptual experience, since it is obvious that much of what is known about the universe derives from perceptual experience? Clearly there is a web of troubles here, and one will hold to believe hard in order to get at a clear and defendable account of the seemingly simple claim that the stick is truly consecutive. A individual who accepts the challenge will, in consequence, be developing a theory for coping with the celebrated job called our cognition of the external universe. That job turns on two issues, viz. , whether there is a world that exists independently of the person s perceptual experience of it in other words, if the grounds one has for the being of anything is what one perceives, how can one cognize that anything exists unperceived? and, 2nd, how one can cognize what anything is truly similar, if the perceptual grounds one has is conflicting. The other heads job. The 2nd job besides involves seeing but in a slightly unusual manner. It deals with that which one can non see, viz. the head of another. Suppose a adult female is scheduled to hold an operation on her right articulatio genus and her sawbones tells her that when she wakes up she will experience a crisp hurting in her articulatio genus. When she wakes up, she does experience the hurting the sawbones alluded to. He can hear her groaning and see certain deformations on her face. But he can non experience what she is experiencing. There is therefore a sense in which he can non cognize what she knows. What he claims to cognize, he knows because of what others who have undergone operations tell him they have experienced. But, unless he has had a similar operation, he can non cognize what it is that she feels. Indeed, the state of affairs is still more complicated ; for, even if the physician has had such a surgical intercession, he can non cognize that what he is experiencing after his operation is precisely the same esthesis that the adult female is experiencing. Because each individual s esthesis is private, the sawbones can non truly cognize that what the adult female is depicting as a hurting and what he is depicting as a hurting are truly the same thing. For all he knows, she could be mentioning to a esthesis that is entirely different from the one to which he is touching. In short, though another individual can comprehend the physical manifestations the adult female exhibits, such as facial faces and assorted kinds of behavior, it seems that merely she can hold cognition of the contents of her head. If this appraisal of the state of affairs is right, it follows that it is impossible for one individual to cognize what is traveling on in another individual s head. One can speculate that a individual is sing a certain esthesis, but one can non, in a rigorous sense of the term, know it to be the instance. If this analysis is right, one can reason that each human being is necessarily and even in rule cut off from holding cognition of the head of another. Most people, conditioned by the great progresss of modern engineering, believe that in rule there is nil in the universe of fact about which scientific discipline can non obtain cognition. But the other-minds job suggests the contrary viz. , that there is a whole sphere of private human experience that is immune to any kind of external enquiry. Therefore, one is faced with a profound mystifier, one of whose deductions is that there can neer be a scientific discipline of the human head. Deductions. These two jobs resemble each other in certain ways and differ in others, but both have of import deductions for epistemology. First, as the divergent perceptual experiences about the stick indicate, things can non merely be, as they appear to be. People believe that the stick, which looks set when it is in the H2O, is truly consecutive, and they besides believe that the stick, which looks directly when it is out of the H2O, is truly consecutive. But, if the belief that the stick in H2O is truly consecutive is right, so it follows that the perceptual experience human existences have when they see the stick in H2O can non be right. That peculiar perceptual experience is misdirecting with regard to the existent form of the stick. Hence, one has to reason that things are non ever, as they appear to be. It is possible to deduce a similar decision with regard to the head of another. A individual can exhibit all the marks of being in hurting, but he may non be. He may be feigning. On the footing of what can be observed, it can non be known with cocksureness that he is or that he is non in hurting. The manner he appears to be may be misdirecting with regard to the manner he really is. Once once more vision can be deceptive. Both jobs therefore force one to separate between the manner things appear and the manner they truly are. This is the celebrated philosophical differentiation between visual aspect and world. But, one time that differentiation is drawn, profound troubles arise about how to separate world from mere visual aspect. As will be shown, countless theories have been presented by philosophers trying to reply this inquiry since clip immemorial. Second, there is the inquiry of what is meant by cognition. People claim to cognize that the stick is truly consecutive even when it is half-submerged in H2O. But, as indicated earlier, if this claim is right, so knowledge can non merely be indistinguishable with perceptual experience. For whatever theory about the nature of cognition one develops, the theory can non hold as a effect that cognizing something to be the instance can sometimes be mistaken or misdirecting. Third, even if cognition is non merely to be identified with perceptual experience, there however must be some of import relationship between cognition and perceptual experience. After all, how could one cognize that the stick is truly consecutive unless under some conditions it looked directly? And sometimes a individual who is in hurting exhibits that pain by his behavior ; therefore there are conditions that truly involve the behavior of hurting. But what are those conditions? It seems apparent that the cognition that a stick is consecutive or that one is in great hurting must come from what is seen in certain fortunes: perceptual experience must someway be a cardinal component in the cognition human existences have. It is apparent that one needs a theory to explicate what the relationship is and a theory of this kind, as the history of the topic all excessively good indicates, is inordinately hard to develop. The two jobs besides differ in certain respects. The job of adult male s cognition of the external universe raises a alone trouble that some of the best philosophical heads of the twentieth century ( among them, Bertrand Russell, H.H. Price, C.D. Broad, and G.E. Moore ) spent their callings seeking to work out. The perplexity arises with regard to the position of the entity one sees when one sees a set stick in H2O. In such a instance, there exists an entity a dead set stick in H2O that one perceives and that appears to be precisely where the truly consecutive stick is. But clearly it can non be ; for the entity that exists precisely where the consecutive stick is is the stick itself, an entity that is non dead set. Therefore, the inquiry arises as to what sort of a thing this bent-stick-in-water is and where it exists. The responses to these inquiries have been countless, and about all of them raise farther troubles. Some theoreticians have denied that what one sees in such a instance is an existing entity at all but have found it hard to explicate why one seems to see such an entity. Still others have suggested that the image seen in such a instance is in one s head and non truly in infinite. But so what is it for something to be in one s head, where in the head is it, and why, if it is in the head, does it look to be out at that place, in infinite where the stick is? And above all, how does one make up ones mind these inquiries? The assorted inquiries posed above merely suggest the huge web of troubles, and in order to unbend out its tangles it becomes indispensable to develop theories. Methodology. In conformity with a proposal made above, epistemology, or the logic of scientific find, -should be identified with the theory of scientific method. The theory of method, in so far as it goes beyond the strictly logical analysis of the dealingss between scientific statements, is concerned with the pick of methods # 8212 ;with determinations about the manner in which scientific statements are to be dealt with. These determinations will of class depend in their bend upon the purpose, which we choose from among a figure of possible purposes. Methodologyor a scientific methodis a corporate term denoting the assorted procedures by the assistance of which the scientific disciplines are built up. In a broad sense, any manner of probe by which scientific or other impartial and systematic cognition is acquired is called a scientific method. What are the regulations of scientific method, and why do we necessitate them? Can at that place be a theory of such regulations, a methodological analysis? The manner in which one answers these inquiries will mostly depend upon one # 8217 ; s attitude to scientific discipline. The manner in which one answers these inquiries will mostly depend upon one s attitude to scientific discipline. Those who, like the rationalists, see empirical scientific discipline as a system of statements, which satisfy certain logical standards,such as meaningfulness or verifiability, will give one-answer. A really different reply will be given by those who tend to see the separating feature of empirical statements in their susceptibleness to alteration # 8212 ; in the fact that they can be criticised, -and superseded by better 1s ; and who regard it as their undertaking to analyze the characteristic ability of scientific discipline to progress, and the characteristic mode in which a pick is made, in im portant instances, between conflicting systems of theories. Such methods, as it was mentioned above, are of two chief types # 8212 ; proficientand logical. A proficientor technological method is a method of pull stringsing the phenomena under probe, mensurating them with preciseness, and finding the conditions under which they occur, so as to be able to detect them in a favorable and fruitful mode. A logical methodis a method of concluding about the phenomena investigated, a method of pulling illations from the conditions under which they occur, so as to construe them every bit accurately as possible. The term scientific method in the first case likely suggests to most heads the proficient methods of use and measuring. These proficient methods are really legion and they are different in the different scientific disciplines. Few work forces of all time master the proficient methods of more than one scientific discipline or one group of closely connected scientific disciplines. An history of the most of import proficient methods is normally given in connexion with the several scientific disciplines. It would be impossible, even if it were desirable, to give a utile study of all, or even of the most of import, proficient methods of scientific discipline. It is different with the logical methods of scientific discipline. These methods of concluding from the available grounds are non truly legion, and are basically the same in all the scientific disciplines. It is both Po ssible and desirable to study them in lineation. Furthermore, these logical methods of scientific discipline are in a really existent sense the psyche of the proficient methods. In pure scientific discipline the proficient methods are non regarded as an terminal in themselves, but simply as a agency to the find of the nature of the phenomena under probe. This is done by pulling decisions from the observations and experiments, which the proficient methods render possible. Sometimes the proficient methods make it possible for the expert research worker to detect and mensurate certain phenomena, which otherwise could either non be observed and measured at all, or non so accurately. Sometimes they enable him so to find the conditions of their happening that he can pull dependable decisions about them, alternatively of hav # 173 ; ing to be content with unverified speculations. The extremely specu # 173 ; lative, chiefly divinatory character of early scientific discipline was no uncertainty due wholly to the deficiency of suited proficient methods and scientific instruments. In a sense ; hence, it may be said that the techni # 173 ; cal methods of scientific d iscipline are subsidiary to the logical methods, or methods of concluding. And it is these methods that are to be con # 173 ; sidered in the present article. The proficient methods of scientific discipline, as ought to be clear from the predating comments, are of first rate importance, and we have non the remotest desire to underestimate them ; but it would be futile to try to study them here. Some Mental Activities Common to All Methods. There are certain mental activities, which are so perfectly indispensable to science that they are practically ever employed in scientific probes, nevertheless much these may change in other respects. In a broad sense these mental activities might accordingly be called methods of scientific discipline, and they are often so called. But this pattern is obnoxious, because it leads to traverse division and confusion. What is common to all methods should non itself be called a method, for it merely encourages the effacing of of import differences ; and when there are many such factors common to all the methods, or most of them, confusion is inevitable. When the mental activities involved are more or less common to the methods, these must be differentiated by mention to other, variable factors # 8212 ; such as the different types of informations from which the illations are drawn, and the different types of order sought or discovered in the different sorts, of phenomena investigated # 8 212 ; the two sets of differences being, of class, closely connected. The mental activities referred to are the undermentioned: Observation ( including experiment ) , analysis and synthesis, imaginativeness, swallow # 173 ; place and idealization, illation ( inductive and deductive ) , and comparing ( including analogy ) . A few words must be said about each of these ; but no significance should be attached to the order in which they are dealt with. Observation and Experiment. Observation is the act of groking things and events, their properties and their con # 173 ; crete relationships. From the point of position of scientific involvement two types of observation may be distinguished, viz. : ( 1 ) The bare observationof phenomena under conditions which are beyond the control of the research worker, and ( 2 ) experiment,that is, the observation of phenomena under conditions controlled by the in # 173 ; vestigator. What distinguishes experiment from au naturel observation is controlover what is observed, non the usage of scientific setup, nor the sum of problem taken. The mere usage of telescopes or microscopes, etc. , even the choice of specially suited times and topographic points of observation, does non represent an experiment, if there is no control over the phenomenon observed. On the other manus, where there is such control, there is experiment, even if following to no setup be used, and the sum of problem involved be negligible. The devising of ex periments normally demands the employment of proficient methods, but the chief involvement Centres in the observations made possible thereby. The great advantage of experiment over au naturel observation is that it renders possible a more dependable analysis of complex phenomena, and more dependable illations about their connexions, by the fluctuation of circum # 173 ; stances, which it effects. Its importance is so great that people normally speak of experimental method. The expostulation to this is that experiment may be, and is, used in connexion with assorted methods, which are differentiated on other, and more legitimate, evidences. To talk of a method of observation is even less allowable, seeing that no method can be employed without it. Analysis and Synthesis. The phenomena of nature are really complex and, to all visual aspects, really baffled. The find of any sort of order in them is merely rendered possible by procedures of analysis and synthesis. These are as indispensable to all scientific probe as is observation itself. The procedure of analysis is helped by the comparing of two or more objects or events that are similar in some respects and different in others. But while comparing is a necessary instrument of analysis, analysis, in its bend, renders possible more exact comparing. After analyzing some complex whole into its parts or facets, we may tentatively link one of these with another in order to detect a jurisprudence of connexion, or we may, in imaginativeness, combine once more some of them and so organize an thought of what may be common to many objects or events, or to whole categories of them. Some combinations so obtained may non match to anything that has of all time been observed. In this manner analysis and synthesis, even though they are simply mental in the first case, fix the manner for experiment, for find and innovation. Imagination, Supposition and Idealisation. Such order as may be built-in in the phenomena of nature is non obvious on the face of them. It has to be sought out by an active question of nature. The question takes the signifier of doing probationary guesss, with the assistance of imaginativeness, as to what sort of order might predominate in the phenomena under probe. Such guesss are normally known as hypotheses, and the formation of fruitful hypotheses requires imaginativeness and originality, every bit good as acquaintance with the facts investigated. Without the counsel of such hypotheses observation itself would be barren in scientific discipline for we should non cognize what to look for. Mere gazing at facts is non yet scientific observation of them. Hence for scientific discipline any hypothesis, provided it can be put to the trial of observation or experiment, is better than none. For observation non guided by thoughts is unsighted, merely as thoughts non tested by observations are empty. Hypotheses that can be put to t he trial, even if they should turn out to be false, are called fruitful ; those that can non be so tried even if they should finally be found to be true, are for the clip being called waste. Closely connected with the procedures of imaginativeness and guess is the procedure of idealization, that is, the procedure of gestating the ideal signifier or ideal bound of something which may be discernible but ever falls short, in its ascertained signifiers, of the ideal. The usage of restricting instances in mathematics, and of constructs like those of an economic adult male in scientific discipline are illustrations of such idealization. Inference. This is the procedure of organizing opinions or sentiments on the land of other opinions or on the grounds of observation. The grounds may be simply supposed for the interest of statement, or with a position to the farther consideration of the con-sequences, which follow from it. It is non ever easy to pull the line between direct observation and illation. Peoples, even trained people, do non ever gain, e.g. ,when they pass from the observation of a figure of facts to a generalization which, at best, can merely be regarded as an illation from them. But the trouble need non be exaggerated. There are two chief types of illation, viz. deductive and inductive. Inductive illationis the procedure of deducing some sort of order among phenomena from observations made. Deductive illationis the procedure of using general truths or constructs to suited cases. In scientific discipline inductive illation plays the most of import function, and the methods of scientific disciplines are mainly instr uments of initiation or aides thereto. But deductive illation is besides necessary to science, and is, in fact, a portion of about all complete inductive probes. Still, marked inductive ability is really rare. There are 1000s who can more or less right use a find for one who can do it. Comparison and Analogy. Mention has already been made to the importance of the procedure of comparing in the mental analysis of ascertained phenomena. The observation of similarities and differences, aided by the procedures of analysis and synthesis, is one of the first stairss to knowledge of every sort, and continues to be indispensable to the chase of scientific discipline throughout its advancement. But there are grades of similarity. Thingss may be so likewise that they are at one time treated as cases of the same sort or category. And the preparation and application of generalizations of all sorts are based upon this possibility of groking such category resemblances. On the other manus, there is a similitude, which stops abruptly of such close category similitude. Such similarity is normally called analogy. The term is applied to similarity of construction or of map or of relationship, in fact, to similarity of about every sort except that which characterises members of the same category, in the rigor ous sense of the term. And analogy dramas really of import portion in the work of scientific discipline, particularly in proposing those guesss or hypotheses which, as already explained, are so indispensable to scientific research and find. After this brief study of assorted mental activities which are more or less involved in the chase of every sort of cognition, and accordingly from no suited bases for the distinction of the assorted methods of scientific discipline, we may now continue to the consideration of the several scientific methods decently so called. Categorization. This may be described as the oldest and simplest of scientific methods. The observation of similarities be # 173 ; tween certain things, and sorting them together, marks the earliest effort to detect some sort of order in the seemingly helter-skelter clutter of things that confront the human head. Language bears witness to the huge figure of categorizations made spontaneously by pre-scientific adult male. For every common noun expresses the acknowledgment of a category ; and linguistic communication is much older than scientific discipline. The first categorizations subserved purely practical intents, and had mention chiefly to the utilizations which adult male could do of the things classified. They were often besides based on superficial resemblances, which veiled deeper differences, or were influenced by superficial differences, which diverted attending from deeper similarities. But with the growing of the scientific spirit classifica # 173 ; tions became more nonsubjective or m ore natural, attending being paid to the nonsubjective nature of the things themselves instead than to their human utilizations. Even now scientific categorization seldom begins at the beginning, but sets out from current categorizations embodied in linguistic communication. It has frequent juncture to rectify popular classifica # 173 ; tions. At the same clip it has troubles of its ain, and more than one scientific discipline has been held up for centuries for privation of a truly satisfactory strategy or categorization of the phenomena representing its field of probe. To recognize a category is to recognize the integrity of indispensable properties in a multiplicity of cases ; it is a acknowledgment of the 1 in the many. To that extent it is a Dis # 173 ; covery of order in things. And although it is the simplest method of scientific discipline, and can be applied before any other method, it is besides the cardinal method, inasmuch as its consequences are normally as # 173 ; su med when the other methods are applied. For scientific discipline is non, as a regulation, concerned with persons as such, but with sorts or categories. This means that the research worker normally assumes the truth of the categorization of the phenomena, which he is study # 173 ; ing. Of class, this does non ever turn out to be the instance. And the concluding result of the application of other methods of scientific discipline to certain sorts of phenomena may be a new categorization of them. Inductive and deductive methods. Below is the sum-up of contrasts in the major dogmas of inductivism and of Popper s deductivism..I begin with a imitation of inductivism in the signifier of eight theses: 1. Science strives for justified, proved cognition, for certain truth. 2. All scientific enquiry begins with observations or experiments. 3. The experimental or experimental informations are organised into a hypothesis, which is non yet proven ( context of find ) . 4. The observations or experiments are repeated many times. 5. The greater the figure of successful repeats, the higher the chance of the truth of the hypothesis ( context of justifica # 173 ; tion ) . 6. Equally shortly as we are satisfied that we have reached certainty in that mode we lay the issue aside everlastingly as a proved jurisprudence of nature. 7. We so turn to the following observation or experiment with which we proceed in the same mode. 8. With the concurrence of all these proved theories we build the building of justified and certain scientific discipline. In drumhead, the inductivist believes that scientific discipline moves from the specifics to the general and that the truth of the peculiar information is transmitted to the general theory. Now we will detect a imitation of Popper s theory of deduc-tivism, once more in the signifier of eight theses: 1. Science strives for absolute and nonsubjective truth, but it can neer make certainty. 2. All scientific enquiry begins with a rich context of background cognition and with the jobs within this context and with metaphysical research programmes. 3. A theory, that is, a conjectural reply to a job, is freely invented within the metaphysical research programme: it explains the discernible by the unobservable. 4. Experimentally testable effects, make bolding effects that is, are deduced from the theory and matching experi # 173 ; ments are carried out to prove the anticipations. 5. If an experimental consequence comes out as predicted, it is taken as a value in itself and as an encouragement to go on with the theory, but it is non taken as an component of cogent evidence of the theory of the unobservable. 6. Equally shortly as an experimental consequence comes out against the pre # 173 ; enunciation and we arc satisfied that it is non a blooper we decide to see the theory falsified, but merely tentatively so. 7. With this we gain a deeper apprehension of our job and continue to contrive our following conjectural theory for work outing it, which we treat once more in the same manner. 8. The concatenation of all these speculations and defenses constitutes the kineticss of scientific advancement, traveling of all time closer to the truth, but neer making certainty. In drumhead, the Popperian deductivist believes that scientific discipline moves from the general to the specifics and back to the general # 8212 ; a procedure without terminal. Let me shoot a metaphor. I might compare the Popperian position of scientific discipline to that of a passenger car with two Equus caballuss. The experimental Equus caballus is strong, but blind. The theoretical Equus caballus can see, but it can non draw. Merely both together can convey the auto # 173 ; riage frontward. And behind it leaves a path bearing informant to the ceaseless battle of test and mistake. The Deductive-inductive Method. Merely as money makes money, so knowledge already acquired facilitates the acquisition of more cognition. It is every bit apparent in the instance of the method, which will now prosecute our attending. The advancement of scientific discipline, and of cognition by and large, is often facilitated by supplementing the simpler inductive methods by deductive concluding from cognition already acquired. Such a combination of tax write-off with initiation, J. S. Mill called the Deductive Method, by which he truly meant the Deduc # 173 ; tive Method of Induction. To avoid the confusion of the De # 173 ; ductive Method with mere tax write-off, which is merely one portion of the whole method, it is better to depict it as the Deductive-Inductive Method or the Inductive-Deductive Method. Mill distinguished two chief signifiers of this method as applied to the survey of natural phenomena, -namely, ( 1 ) that signifier of it in which tax write-off precedes initiation, and ( 2 ) that in which induc # 173 ; tion precedes tax write-off. The first of these ( 1 ) he called the Physical Method ; the 2nd ( 2 ) he called the Historical Method. These names are instead deceptive, inasmuch as both signifiers of the method are often employed in natural philosophies, where some # 173 ; times, say in the survey of visible radiation, mathematical ( i.e. ,deductive ) computations precede and suggest physical experiments ( i.e. ,induc # 173 ; tion ) , and sometimes the inductive consequences of observation or ex # 173 ; periment provide the juncture or stimulation for mathematical de # 173 ; ductions. In any instance, the differences in order of sequence are of no great importance, and barely merit separate names. What is of importance is to observe the chief sorts of juncture, which call for the usage of this combined method. They are chiefly three in figure: ( 1 ) When an hypothesis can non be verified ( i.e. ,tested ) straight, but merely indirectly ; ( 2 ) when it is possible to systematize a figure of already established initiations, or Torahs, under more comprehensive Torahs or theories ; ( 3 ) when, owing to the troubles of certain jobs, or on history of the deficiency of sufficient and suited cases of the phenomena under in # 173 ; vestigation, it is considered desirable either to corroborate an induc # 173 ; tive consequence by independent deductive logical thinking from the nature of the instance in the visible radiation of old cognition, or to corroborate a deductive decision by independent inductive probe. An illustration of each of these types may assist to do them clear. ( 1 ) When Galileo was look intoing the jurisprudence of the speed of falling organic structures he finally formed the hypothesis that a organic structure get downing from remainder falls with a unvarying acceleration, and that its speed varies with the clip of its autumn. But he could non invent any method for the direct confirmation of this hypothesis. By mathematical tax write-off, nevertheless, he arrived at the decision that a organic structure falling harmonizing to his conjectural jurisprudence would fall through a distance proportionate to the clip of its autumn. This effect could be tested by comparing the distances and the clip of falling organic structures, which therefore served as an indirect verifica # 173 ; tion of his hypothesis. ( 2 ) By initiations from legion astro # 173 ; nomical observations made by Tycho Brahe and himself, Kepler discovered the three familiar Torahs called by his name, viz. , ( a ) that the planets move in elliptic orbits which have the Sun for one of their focal point ; ( 6 ) that the speed of a planet is such that the radius vector ( i.e. ,an fanciful line fall ining the traveling planet to the Sun ) sweeps out equal countries in equal periods of clip ; and ( degree Celsius ) that the squares of the periodic times of any two planets ( that is, the times which they take to finish their revolutions round the Sun ) are relative to the regular hexahedrons of their average distances from the Sun. These three Torahs appeared to be rather independent of each other. But Newton systematised them all in the more comprehensive initiation, or theory, of heavenly gravity. He showed that they could wholly be deduced from the one jurisprudence that the planets tend to travel towards each other with a force changing straight with the merchandise of their multitudes, and reciprocally with the square of the distances between them. ( 3 ) H. Spencer, by comparing a figure of preponderantly industrial States and besides, of preponderantly military States, antediluvian and modern, inferred inductively that the former type of State is democratic and gives rise to free establishments, whereas the latter type is undemocratic and tends to oppression. As the sparse grounds barely permitted of a strict application of any of.the inductive methods, Spencer tried to corroborate his decision by deductive logical thinking from the nature of the instance in the visible radiation of what is known about the human head. He pointed out that in a type of society, which is preponderantly industrial, the trading dealingss between persons are the prevailing dealingss, and these develop them to humor and see others. The consequence is a democratic attitude in all. In a State, which is preponderantly military, the dealingss which are most common among its members are those of authorization, on the one portion, and of subordination on the other. The consequence is the contr ary of a democratic ambiance. RELATION OF EPISTEMOLOGY TO OTHER BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY In decision, I would wish to discourse the relation of epistemology to other subdivisions of doctrine. Doctrine viewed in the broadest possible footings divides into many subdivisions: metaphysics, moralss, aesthetics, logic, doctrine of linguistic communication, doctrine of head, doctrine of scientific discipline, and a gamut of others. Each of these subjects has its particular capable affair: for metaphysics it is the ultimate nature of the universe ; for moralss, the nature of the good life and how people ideally ought to behave themselves in their dealingss with others ; and for doctrine of scientific discipline, the methodological analysis and consequences of scientific activity. Each of these subjects efforts to get at a systematic apprehension of the issues that arise in its peculiar sphere. The word systematic is of import in this connexion, mentioning, as explained earlier, to the building of sets of rules or theories that are broad-ranging, consistent, and rationally defend able. In consequence, such theories can be regarded as sets of complex claims about the assorted affairs that are under consideration. Epistemology stands in a stopping point and particular relationship to each of these subjects. Though the assorted divisions of doctrine differ in their capable affair and frequently in the attacks taken by philosophers to their characteristic inquiries, they have one characteristic in common: the desire to get at the truth about that with which they are concerned state, about the cardinal ingredients of the universe or about the nature of the good life for adult male. If no such claims were asserted, there would be no demand for epistemology. But, one time theses have been advanced, places staked out, and theories proposed, the characteristic inquiries of epistemology inexorably follow. How can one cognize that any such claim is true? What is the grounds in favor of ( or against ) it? Can the claim be proven? Virtually all of the subdivisions of doctrine therefore give rise to epistemic ponderings. These ponderings may be described as first-order questions. They in bend necessarily bring forth others that are, as it were, second-order questions, and which are every bit or more troubling. What is it to cognize something? What counts as grounds for or against a peculiar theory? What is meant by a cogent evidence? Or even, as the Grecian Sceptics asked, is human cognition possible at all, or is human entree to the universe such that no cognition and no cocksureness about it is possible? The replies to these second-order inquiries besides require the building of theories, and in this regard epistemology is no different from the other subdivisions of doctrine. One can therefore specify or characterize epistemology as that subdivision of doctrine, which is dedicated to the declaration of such first- and second-order questions. Bibliographies: 1.A foreword to the logic of scientific discipline, by Peter Alexander, Sheed and Ward, London and New York, 1963. 2.Popper choices,edited by Dawid Miller, Princeton University imperativeness, 1985. 3.The critical attack to science and doctrine, edited by Mario Bunge, The free imperativeness of Glencoe Collier- Magmillan limited, London, 1964. 4.Britannica encyclopedia, 1948. 5.Logic without metaphysics, by Ernest Nagel, Glencoe, Ill.. : Free Press, 1957. 6. Epistemology, History of, ,by D.W. Hamlyn.The Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. 7.Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology,expanded 2nd ed. , by Ayn Rand, New York: Penguin Group, 1990.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Marijuana Essays (393 words) - Entheogens, Medicinal Plants

Marijuana Marijuana Plant Marijuana, also called hemp, bhang, and ganja, is used as an intoxicant in many parts of the world, the leaves or dried flowers being either smoked or eaten. It has also been used as a sedative and analgesic. Hashish, a resin obtained from the top of the flowering plant, is five to eight times more potent than the leaves when smoked. Marijuana, mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the Indian hemp plant Cannabis sativa, smoked or eaten for its pleasure-giving effects. The psychoactive ingredient of marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is concentrated in the flowering tops; hashish, a drug prepared from the plant resin, has about eight times more THC than marijuana. Marijuana grows throughout temperate regions, with the more potent varieties produced in dry, hot, upland climates. Except for limited medical purposes, cultivating marijuana is illegal in all but a few countries. Known in Central Asia and China as early as 3000 BC, marijuana was used as a folk medicine. In about 1900 it started to be used as a pleasure-inducing drug, and by the 1960s and 1970s its use was widespread among students. Although marijuana has not been proved to be physically addictive, and no physical withdrawal symptoms occur when its use is discontinued, psychological dependence does develop. Many users describe two phases of marijuana intoxication: initial stimulation, giddiness, and euphoria, followed by sedation and pleasant tranquillity. Mood changes are often accompanied by altered perceptions of time and space, and of one's bodily dimensions. The thinking processes become disrupted by fragmentary ideas and memories. Many users report increased appetite, heightened sensory awareness, and pleasure. Negative effects can include confusion, acute panic reactions, anxiety attacks, fear, a sense of helplessness, and loss of self-control. Long-term marijuana users are said to develop an ?amotivational syndrome? characterized by passivity, decreased motivation, and preoccupation with drug use. The relationship of this syndrome to marijuana use, however, has not been established. Like alcohol intoxication, marijuana intoxication impairs reading comprehension, memory, speech, problem-solving ability, and reaction time. The effects on the intellect of long-term use are unknown. Consistent evidence that marijuana induces or causes brain damage does not exist. Medical research has indicated that the drug is effective in relieving some of the symptoms of glaucoma and in treating the nausea induced by cancer chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Science Essays

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Six

Background Efficiency is a strong competition tool in businesses; it reduces the cost of production and leads to a more satisfy customers. On the other hand, satisfied customers are an increased business to an organization. When pondering of a system that can point out areas of inefficiency, Motorola, company in 1981 innovated a system called Six-Sigma. Six-sigma is a management tool that approaches management from a scientific angle.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Six-sigma in Toyota Motor Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It analyses an entire organizations processes and by creating relationships and data analysis, the area with a deficit is recognized. Six-sigma is implemented in business to improve the efficiency and increase the productivity of the entire organization; when the system is implemented, it focuses on all areas in an organization to have a totality of good results in the organizatio n. Though when implemented is a project that undertakes a number of procedures, it is a continuous process that requires constant improvements and upgrading (Tennant, 2001) The motor vehicle industry is a competitive sector that is not only affected by the player in the industry but also by other external forces in the market. It is one of the industries affected largely by external environment like international trade, global environments and economies and the relationship among countries. Toyota is the world greatest motor vehicle producer and seller; the success of the company has been attributed to an effective processes management. According to the company’s corporate website, its success can be attributed to internal process efficiency and improved products. The process adopted by the company to improve its processes and produces in TQM (Total Quality Management) system. However, the company can improve its operation further and improve its products quality if it adopts a Six-sigma strategy in its operations (Hino, 2006). This paper is a case study of how Toyota Motor Corporation can implement a Six-sigma policy in its processes. Brief History of Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota is a multinational company found in Japan and it is the leading automobile carmakers and seller in the world; other than automobile business, the company offers financial services. It was incorporated in 1937; its founder is Kiichiro Toyoda. Currently, the company’s chairperson of board of directors is Fujio Cho and the Chief Executive Officer is Akio Toyoda, it has its global headquarters at Toyota, Aichi, Japan.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to 2009, financial report, the company had employed 71116 directly and other people who indirectly benefit from the company were 259792 in the same year, distributed in 540 consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates. The main market for the company is in North America followed by the home market: its competitors include Mitsubishi, Honda, General Motors and Ford. According to fortune global survey 500 of 2008, it was the fifth largest company in the world and the second largest automobile company. The company is structured in a no extra ordinary way and has departments like any other multinationals in the world; however, the achievement of the company has made it different in performance something that proves that something extra happens. In 2008, it was able to surpass General motor company as the world largest automobile seller in the world. What has made the company go this far? The answer is in the quality of its management and the interaction that brand as well the loyalty that it derives from its customers (see the appendixes for the company’s sales by region). To maintain the leadership role, the company needs to adopt a six-sigma mechanism of controlling different sec tors (Toyota Motor Company corporate website, 2011). The operating strategy of Toyota The company has a framework that works alongside. Operates under five principals, they are Kaizen (continuo’s improvement), team work, Challenges, Respect and Genchi Genbutsu (go and see). Toyota is divided into small teams with team leaders and given certain task that they are supposed to perform and improve accordingly. Innovation is seen as a necessity in the firm both the Japan head quarters and the rest of the subsidiaries. The effectiveness has been seen when the employees has innovated different products that supposed to abide to the general principals of the company. The combinations have lived to the task of continuously improving its processes to a point that it was able to surpass general motors. This is in line with the company’s principal of Kaizen.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Six-sigma in Toyota Motor Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the components statements it has an express statement that is adhered to that is â€Å"adding value to the organization by developing its people† as people are being developed and empowered, they are enthusiastic and come up with the innovations. The company employs people various level of competitiveness. On the other hand, they have their own training school called Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago that among other duties is used as the breeding ground of the employees. It has a policy that enables graduates of different diversities relevant to the particular task to join the company and grow in the company. They also recruit from all over the world. This efficiency is what has made the company such a success, especially in the areas of innovation. In the institution, it offers scholarships to people with potential especially in the motor and designing of motor vehicle this are deliberate measures that are aimed at continuously improving it processes. The technology adopted by the company can be seen from two angles. One in the marketing strategies and two in the continuous improvement of its processes when the company was set up in 1937, it is obvious that the technological advancement has been attained in the entire world. There is a research department that has the aim of undertaking the policy of Genchi Genbutsu (go and see). The company’s first car was a high fuel consuming passenger car called A1 and G1. The vehicles were manually modeled. Today the numerous models in the market are because of computer-aided modeling. All along, we are hearing of Toyota X new model. This shows how they are continually improved their products to remain competitive in the world (Toyota Motor Company corporate website, 2011). Major challenges facing the company that can be improved using Six-sigma system The world is recovering from global financial crisis which started in 2007, the company was a ffected by the crisis and recorded a loss of US$4.2 billion; although the crisis were beyond what the company could control, then if the company had an effective six-sigma policy, then it would have reduced the loss suffered. The next area that the company is facing inefficiency is in faulty automobiles finding their way into the market; between the last quarter of 2009 and first quarter of 2010, the company recalled some faulty cars from different markets to the tune of 8million cars and trucks.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to the recall the United States Congress committees on Oversight and Investigations, seek for explanation on the recall of the country from James Lentz the US Sales Chief; it ended by the company being fined US$16.375 million for the faulty products. In the year ended 31 March 2010, the company recorded that it had suffered a total loss of US$1.93 billion ( ¥180 billion). This loss could have been avoided if the company had an effective Six-sigma policy (Toyota Motor Company corporate website, 2011). Of late, the automobile industry has been affected by changes in environmental policies that are focusing and targeting the industry to ensure that its processes as well as products are environmentally friendly. The company has to company with international standards of pollution emissions; to keep the trend, the company need to increase efficiency in its operations. To remain competitive in the industry, companies in the industry need to improve their internal processes and produ cts. When developing internal process and products improvements, focus is given to all sectors of the company. The industry can have its sectors being divided into administrative and the core line of business, both the sectors should be focused in to have a total improvement of processes and projects (Pyzdek and Paul, 2009). Implementation of Six-Sigma in Toyota Generally, there are six stages of six-sigma that Toyota should implement for the start of the project; then the processes are improved with time and as new policies and dimensions are implemented. The word DMAIC (the acronym for Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control), is used to define the processes that are involved in an effective six sigma operation. Define The automobile industry is facing numerous challenges; Toyota having assumed the leadership in the industry does not guarantee that it will retain the position for the rest of its life. The managers should define the current position and so as it can understan ds business conflicts and business problems the company is undergoing through or the company is likely to undergo through in the future. Understanding a problem encountered in an organization is the first step in developing a solution and develop methodology or combination of methodologies, to solve the business problem at hand. When defining a problem, the managers should use the symptoms or indicators of inefficiency to get to the root course: Six sigma projects should target the root causes and not the symptoms (Snee and Hoerl, 2002). To diagnose a problem, two questions that should be used as the start point, they are: What exactly is the current problem facing the organization for example the quality of its vehicles or the environmentally friendly vehicles? Which areas are affected by the problem and how has this problem affected the operation of the entire organization; is the problem leading to losses? With the full understanding of the problem, then the company adopts a pr oject plan or a team charter; there are different methods of adopting the project plan or a team charter, they include CTQ, (Customer to Quality) among others, the best method will be defined by the problem at hard. The plan adopted should be used to improve all sectors in the organization for examples, marketing, sales and finance (Pande, Neuman and Cavanagh, 2001). Measure At this stage, the Toyota management should find and gather as much information as possibly available to develop different solutions and alternatives (O’Connor, 1989). Generally there are three processes involved in the measure stage, they are: Value Stream Mapping: this involves having a clear analysis of the problem and the project at hand: at the stage the company should aim at analysis the difference between what is expected (the firms goals and objectives) and what the company is really giving. It seeks to establish the missing points, waste areas, areas of inefficiencies, and constraints to achievem ent of the corporate goals. Toyota should have an understanding of the quality of its processes and the products so as it can realize the differences between them. Data Gathering: With the gaps and areas, that needs improvement at hand, and then the management should seek to develop alternatives of solutions so it can choose the best out of the list available. To gather information, the management should adopt five Ws strategy (when, what, who, where and why). Information should be vetted for relevance and applicability in certain areas (Mà ¼nsterberg, 1973). Data measurement validation: with the data at hand, then the management should adopt data management, interpolation and analysis methodologies: some of the tools used are Gauge RR), control charts, time plots or Pareto charts. The main concern of this stage that the company should have is to understand â€Å"where it is† and where it â€Å"should be†, then the difference between the two is the area of focus in th e six sigma policy. Analyze At this stage, the management has reliable information about the problem or areas of potential problem the information should be analyzed to get the root cause of the problems. Cause and Effect Analysis, FMAE (Failure modes and effects), Correlation and regression studies and DOE (design of experiments). This stage marked the project more focused on particular key areas. The areas of concerns have been recognized and the alternatives that the company has known; the best alternative will be the one that will yield expected results in the least time using minimum resources (Keller, 2001). Implement Now the management/implementation team understands the problem at hand, has a well-defined picture of what is going on in an organization, understand departments with inefficiencies and the financial implications of the gaps (Wheelen and Hunger, 1998). The next step is to devise a number of possible solutions to be implemented. Here staffs should be fully include d. Alternatives are derived and the best alternative among the many is considered. After the alternative has been chosen, then there is support from all corners, these will involve management offering direct support to departments in attaining their new set goals. Many are the times that need for frequent meeting at departmental level or the entire company is important to discuss any issue that night has cropped up during the implementation. Periods are important in this stage to ensure that the new goals set attainability is possible. There are times that a short time evaluation for example weekly recording can be made to measure progress of the project. At this level, there is use of Force field diagram, Stakeholder Definition, and FAME to explain progress (Taylor, 2008). Control After implementation of the policy: Toyota Management at different regional offices should develop a control and monitoring team. When controlling there is an already set path, through which processes sho uld follow. They should start from somewhere heading to another area. When under control, there is need to have a well-defined personnel’s who have been recognized to have a certain efficiency level in an area, they should be empowered to conduct their duties. If there was a department that was scrapped, then any effects as a result should be understood and addressed effectively. When controlling and monitoring, managers should establish areas that need improvement should be pointed out, and appropriate actions taken accordingly (Adams, Gupta and Charles, 2003). The implications of a Six-sigma strategy in Toyota After the implementation of the strategy, the company will recognize areas of deficiency and inefficiency, and device appropriate measures to improve their operations. When using the Six-sigma strategy, then routes of efficiency will be developed which lay-down steps that must be followed. The steps are regarded as the path of efficiency; when the company is following these routes, it will benefit from low operating costs and improved products quality. Six-sigma policy consists of competitive moves and business approaches aimed at producing successful performance; it is management’s â€Å"game plan† for running the business, strengthening a firm’s competitive position, satisfying the customers, the stakeholders, share holders and the staffs. It seeks to develop the way into which all those that are a party to the business get satisfied. It aims at going a step further and satisfying the customers beyond their expectations. When the system is fully operation in Toyota, the company is likely to face the world automobile market more rejuvenated and have products that are more competitive. References Adams, W., Gupta, P. and Charles, E. ,2003. Six Sigma Deployment. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Hino, S.,2006. Inside the mind of Toyota: management principles for enduring growth. Tokyo: Productivity Press. Keller, A. ,200 1. Six Sigma Deployment: A Guide for Implementing Six Sigma in Your Organization. Tucson, AZ: Quality Publishing. Mà ¼nsterberg, H.,1973. Psychology and Industrial Efficiency. New York: Arno Press. O’Connor, P.,1989. Total Quality Management (Book). Quality Reliability Engineering International. April 1989; 5(2),p.183. Pande, S., Neuman, P. and Cavanagh, R. ,2001. The Six Sigma Way: How GE, Motorola, and Other Top Companies are Honing Their Performance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Pyzdek, T. and Paul A. ,2009. The Six Sigma Handbook, Third Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Snee, D. and Hoerl, W.,2002. Leading Six Sigma: A Step-by-Step Guide Based on Experience with GE and Other Six Sigma Companies. Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press. Taylor, G.,2008. Lean Six Sigma Service Excellence: A Guide to Green Belt Certification and Bottom Line Improvement. New York, NY: J. Ross Publishing. Tennant, G.,2001. SIX SIGMA: SPC and TQM in Manufacturing and Services. Aldershot , UK: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Toyota Motor Company corporate website. (2010). Toyota. Available at  https://www.toyota.com/ [acccessed 20th March 2010] Wheelen, L. and Hunger, J.,1998. Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society. Massachusetts: Addison Wesley. This report on Six-sigma in Toyota Motor Corporation was written and submitted by user Aniyah Kirby to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on Importance Of The Scientific Society As A Journal Publisher In The Late 20th Century

Before the advent of the Computer Age and digital technology, most scientists kept abreast of the latest advances in their field by means of journals in libraries, reprint requests or use of Current Contents. Researchers, whereby having private, public or university affiliation, were often involved in one or more scientific societies. These societies, acting as an information-exchange medium, are chiefly responsible for the gathering, dissemination and sharing of current research in their respective content area. Karen Levitan, an information scientist at the MITRE Corporation in Virginia, hypothesized in 1975 that American scientists did not consider the publishing role of these societies to be as important as traditionally assumed. In order to test her hypothesis, Levitan polled 60 random biomedical scientists from the six societies in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)2. To note, her choice for biomedical scientists versus other genres of scientists depended only on the fact that most previous work focused on the communication systems of the physical sciences, chemistry or psychology. Of the 60 polled, 46 scientists responded. It is quite obvious that this sample size is statistically insignificant, a point Levitan concedes, and may be largely biased in the FASEB society. However, there does exist three3 interesting trends supporting Levitan’s hypothesis worth considering in future analyses. First, the majority of scientists did not join the societies primarily to receive publications. Levitan points out that the membership to the societies in the FASEB being considered were â€Å"selective† as opposed to â€Å"open†. She queried the scientists that if publications were to cease by the society and controlled by other groups, what effect would that have on their enrollment. The respondents were evenly divided, with proponents citing the quality of the publication was based more on the a... Free Essays on Importance Of The Scientific Society As A Journal Publisher In The Late 20th Century Free Essays on Importance Of The Scientific Society As A Journal Publisher In The Late 20th Century Before the advent of the Computer Age and digital technology, most scientists kept abreast of the latest advances in their field by means of journals in libraries, reprint requests or use of Current Contents. Researchers, whereby having private, public or university affiliation, were often involved in one or more scientific societies. These societies, acting as an information-exchange medium, are chiefly responsible for the gathering, dissemination and sharing of current research in their respective content area. Karen Levitan, an information scientist at the MITRE Corporation in Virginia, hypothesized in 1975 that American scientists did not consider the publishing role of these societies to be as important as traditionally assumed. In order to test her hypothesis, Levitan polled 60 random biomedical scientists from the six societies in the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB)2. To note, her choice for biomedical scientists versus other genres of scientists depended only on the fact that most previous work focused on the communication systems of the physical sciences, chemistry or psychology. Of the 60 polled, 46 scientists responded. It is quite obvious that this sample size is statistically insignificant, a point Levitan concedes, and may be largely biased in the FASEB society. However, there does exist three3 interesting trends supporting Levitan’s hypothesis worth considering in future analyses. First, the majority of scientists did not join the societies primarily to receive publications. Levitan points out that the membership to the societies in the FASEB being considered were â€Å"selective† as opposed to â€Å"open†. She queried the scientists that if publications were to cease by the society and controlled by other groups, what effect would that have on their enrollment. The respondents were evenly divided, with proponents citing the quality of the publication was based more on the a...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The role of the technology in facilities management Case Study

The role of the technology in facilities management - Case Study Example , maintenance and operations plans, corporate facilities processes, space inventories, real estate, projects through construction, renovation and design, equipment and furniture inventories. Facilities management is a critical interdisciplinary field in the modern business world which encompasses the coordination of people, space, organization and infrastructure especially in association with the administration of hospitals, hotels, convention centres, office blocks, schools, arenas, shopping complexes etc. Facilities management is used to facilitate a wide number of activities in business and is slowly emerging as a core function within a business from being a supporting function in businesses. There are eleven key competencies associated with facilities management which is applicable in the facilities management processes, irrespective of in which sector the facilities management is applied. These core competencies include emergency preparedness, communication, finance, strategy an d leadership, property management, real estate, business continuity, environmental stewardship, human factors, maintenance and operations, quality, property management, sustainability, project management and technology. This case study deals with the technology factor in facilities management with respect to the role of technology in facilities management in the hospitality and other relevant tourism sectors across the world. The information technology support provided to the facilities management in an organization can significantly improve the functioning of facilities management in an organization as a main supporting services. However, with the integration of new technologies, facilities management is evolving as a main business function and is ceasing to be a supporting service in any organization, especially in the capital intensive industries like construction, manufacturing, hotel industries etc. Technology is highly needed in facilities management. The main function of the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Operations and Project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Operations and Project management - Assignment Example Coca Cola is most popular and famous soft drink brand. Coca Cola has implemented several innovative and unique operational strategies. These strategies have enhanced the manufacturing, processing, and distribution. It is known to all that the organization has faced several problems regarding the quality of product, but they are trying to overcome the challenges by effective quality management of cold drink products. This essay will analyze the operation and project management activities of Coca Cola. Operations Performance The operation performance of Coca Cola is quite significant and effective. Due to effective operational strategies the organization has become the leading player within the industry. Coca Cola has achieved several competitive advantages due to effective supply chain management strategies. Effective resource utilization is the major strength of Coca Cola. Starting from the collection of raw materials to product delivery, Coca Cola has implemented several advanced te chnologies in their business process (Liu, 2012, p.133). The organization follows decentralized manufacturing and product delivery process. It is known to all that Coca Cola has several manufacturing plants in the leading cities around the globe. Moreover, they have established their warehouses near the manufacturing plants and distribution centres. ... The fuel efficient logistics trucks help to reduce the emission level. Moreover, implementation of advanced technology helps Coca Cola to reduce the usage of energy in the business operation. Application of PDA service in the inventory management system helped the organization to keep the track of stocks in appropriate way. Some of the products of Coca Cola were facing various health and quality related issues. The government of several countries banned the manufacturing and marketing of these products. It affected the business performance and brand image of Coca Cola. In order to overcome these critical issues, the organization tried to improve the quality of cold drink products by reducing the carbon footprint. The organization is trying to focus on the corporate social responsibility. They are trying to maintain zero solid waste by recycling the products. Moreover, effective water recycle strategy reduced the water consumption and energy consumption level of Coca Cola. Coca Cola o rganizes various environment awareness programmes in order to reduce the emission level (Epstein and Birchard, 2007, p.127). Sustainable packaging strategy will help Coca Cola to practice effective and sustainable business operation in global market place. Operations Strategy The organization uses almost 300 billion litres of water in a year. It helps them to enable their supply chain resource for its different products. Effective and sustainable use of water helps the organization to increase its core competency in global market place. Climate change is one of the most potential environmental threats that can affect the future generation. Therefore, in order to reduce this critical environmental threat the organization is trying to minimize the usage of energy (Hill and Jones, 2009,

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Family of woodstock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family of woodstock - Essay Example It is intriguing that the Family does not discriminate between serious and small problems, but seeks to help people in a positive manner. Any individual seeking help from the Family receives guidelines or services that fix the specific problem presented. Interestingly, the staff and volunteers at the Family of Woodstock are committed to operating during both the day and the night, ensuring that no individual in the society is stranded without any source of help (â€Å"Family of Woodstock celebrates its 40th anniversary†, 2010). Several factors motivated the founders of the Family of Woodstock. In 1970, when the Family was established, the initial services provided were hotlines, which allowed people with problems to call for help. Evidently, the founders recognized that people in the society had certain needs yet no service providers were available to meet those needs. For example, children who had run away from home ended up in the streets without shelter and food. Founders of the Family realized that these children needed help in the form of counselling and the basic needs. Moreover, it was also critical for these children to be reunited with their families. The hotlines operating in 1970 sought to address this need. However, the founders also recognized other needs in the society such as the need for legal assistance, the need for a soft landing machine that would help people get over long journeys. Many of the problems identified surrounded children, teens, parents, and the public. The founders of the Family identified a risk factor for each of these groups of people. Over the years, the Family has focused on identifying the needs of the people as well as the risk factors they face and developing strategies for addressing them (â€Å"Ulster Savings Charitable Foundation gives $5,000 grant to Family of Woodstock†, 2012). Notably, the Family of Woodstock has exhibited a high level of specialization in a bid

Friday, November 15, 2019

Confucianism Vs Taoism Politics Philosophy Essay

Confucianism Vs Taoism Politics Philosophy Essay Government has such an important impact on societal issues and duties. The United States was constructed from a written constitution thus the formation of our federal government establishment. I look at the constitution as our means for living in a well established society. Many individuals have different beliefs in how a society should be run. Take a look at the ancient Chinese philosophies of Confucianism and Taoism. Each has a different set of standards in their philosophy of life. It is difficult to understand the ethics and politics of Confucianism and Taoism without understanding its philosophy. What if the United States were to take on one of these philosophies? I believe Confucianism would be more widely accepted in our society. We are a nation based more on the concerns dealing with rule and work which is relevant for Confucianisms essence of a structured civilization. The official doctrine in China by the second century B.C.E. was Confucianism. Confucius taught much about political inconstancy as he endured through the downfall of the Zhou dynasty. He had begun teaching at twenty-three years old and we get insightful information about some of his teachings through The Analects. Much of his writing is centered on issues the world with the focal points on family, politics, and modern humanity. Many ideals can be reach as being disciplined leading to virtuous accordance and communal efficiency. The Master said, He who learns but does not think, is lost. He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger. (1595) The first sentence is the true core of knowledge. To fully understand what you have learned, it must be applied thus you are acquiring information. One who does not think may act on impulse. Thinking before you act can lead to gratifying decisions. In a government you need a leader that can focus on a problem and figure out all possible choices that will be beneficial to the society. After the decision is made then it is necessary to take action. We need these ideals for the foundation of a good leader and the individuals as well. If someone just acts on impulse or does nothing, problems will arise either way. If you cannot be evaluating a certain thought, then nothing is gained in retrospect. Our Masters Way is simply this: Loyalty, consideration. (1596) Confucius wanted to convey moral principles to establish a structured society. You yourself desire rank and standing; then help others to get rank and standing. You want to turn your own merits to account; then help others to turn theirs to account- in fact, the ability to take ones own feelings as a guide- that is the sort of thing that lies in direction of Goodness. (1596) A strong leader should be able to take care of his people. In return the people will abide by the rules which will result in a well developed society. Never do to others what you would not like them to do to you. (1597) If we commence this morale rule than it would make sense for people to get along cohesively. No one is ever beneath you so selfishness should be nonexistent. The Master said, A country of a thousand war-chariots cannot be administered unless the ruler attends strictly to business, punctually observes his promises, is economical in expenditure, shows affection towards his subjects in general. (1600) The Master said, Govern the people by regulations, keep order among them by chastisements, and they will flee from you, and lose all self-respect. Govern them by mental force, keep order among them by ritual, and they will keep their self-respect and come to you of their own accord. (1601) A set of laws are instituted and should be followed, but the means of ethics would be followed if they saw their leader to be commendable. There would be an understanding for the governing embodiment concerning stability of virtue between individual and ruler. At the same time the ruler must be applying the example of good virtue. You will get the same respect back in return. Laozi wrote a collection of poems entitled, Dao De Jing. The ideology of Laozi was polar opposite of what we saw from Confucius. Lao Tzu illustrates the meaning of life through Dao which literally means the way. It is based on the individual to move connectively in the eternal flow of life that define the basis of Taoism. Taoism is believed that everything happens naturally in the world, thus human behavior is in correspondence of its nature. The way to improve morality is doing nothing so that nothing is forced. Additionally it is about reaching beyond the sector of the traditional society. A true follower will not be attached to the power and politics of ordinary societal standards. Give up learning and put an end to your troubles. (1607) Hence I know that value of nonaction. Teaching without words and work without doing Are understood by very few. (1609) The farther you go, the less you know. Thus the sage knows without traveling; He sees without looking; He works without doing. (1610) Laozi says that inaction is the way to live in a state of natural harmonious bliss. The Dao states that no one should be conformed to society because we are just free spirits in the universe. We are not tied down to standard living and all expectations should be thrown away. You learn from your sense of self by the force of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang is the approach of two of something forming to coherence. It is more important To see the simplicity, To realize ones true nature, To cast off selfishness And temper desire. (1607) Laozi wants society to give up materialistic possessions. We are endlessly learning and building upon expectations. The expectations are from our society which creates distress hiding from the greater good of humanity. The American Dream is the success of power and money which many of us chase after. Americans would never be able to give up material possessions. Going with the flow isnt always the best way to lead your life. At some point there will be important decisions that will alter your journey in life. Taoism wants you to sit back and relax, but inactivity can lead to destruction. It is hard to picture a leader in society to just go with the flow in directing his country. Productivity is vital to success. If a war breaks out we need to act quickly for the sake of protecting our people and our future endeavors. Americans are too selfish for Taoism because we have the conception of want embedded in our brain. I think in the sense of traditional American values and being in line with the American Dream, Confucianism would be the more popular philosophy. Â  It stresses themes of dedication to ones duty in life, dedication to ones family, social responsibility, and almost Christian-like themes of helping others and benevolence. Many Americans can learn from the Confucianism philosophy. The ideas we are given from The Analects are structural enough for the foundation of political authority in establishing a society. On the contrary I do believe Taoism offers a counterbalance to the political ideals of Confucianism. Sometimes we get too involved with power which sometimes can lead to destruction when you are not looking out for the people. At the same time Confucianism has a means of higher authority through a set of moral principles. Furthermore our country needs a set of laws that everyone is subject to. Without order chaos will break out with pure insanity. No society will ever be perfect, but we can always be willing to improve our standards of living a better life.